[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]Análisis de los efectos e impactos[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]El proyecto se enfoca en comprender cómo las prácticas cotidianas de securización desarrolladas por los habitantes de asentamientos informales en la región de O’Higgins (Chile) configuran tanto el orden social como el espacio urbano. La pregunta central del estudio es: ¿cómo las comunidades que habitan campamentos producen y transforman su entorno urbano y social a través de prácticas cotidianas relativas a la seguridad?[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]El proyecto se enfoca en comprender cómo las prácticas cotidianas de securización desarrolladas por los habitantes de asentamientos informales en la región de O’Higgins (Chile) configuran tanto el orden social como el espacio urbano. La pregunta central del estudio es: ¿cómo las comunidades que habitan campamentos producen y transforman su entorno urbano y social a través de prácticas cotidianas relativas a la seguridad?[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

Beccaria y la escuela clásica pusieron en tela de juicio el sistema de justicia medieval caracterizado por su arbitrariedad y excesiva crueldad. De esta forma, propusieron un conjunto de ideas (p.ej. legalidad, humanidad y proporcionalidad de las penas, debido proceso) para limitar el poder de castigo estatal, racionalizar el uso de la fuerza y disminuir la aplicación de la crueldad, llevando reformar el sistema penal de la época. El pensamiento de otros autores y la emergencia de los derechos humanos permitieron que estas ideas se incorporaran en las actuales democracias liberales comprometidas con el Estado de derecho. Así, en el ámbito penal, a nivel de leyes, constitucional y del derecho internacional, se construyó un sistema de protección del individuo frente al ius puniendi, y que aquí englobamos ampliamente bajo el término “Principios Penales liberales” (en adelante PPL) para referirnos a aquellos principios, sub-principios, ideas, derechos y/o garantías destinadas a limitar y racionalizar el ejercicio de la justicia penal. Aunque estos PPL se encuentran incorporados e institucionalizados, corrientes actuales como el Populismo Penal , la cultura del Control, la punitividad pública, el Derecho Penal del enemigo o los estudios en actitudes punitivas permitirían pensar que los PPL tendrían hoy un bajo respaldo ciudadano. Además, en el actual contexto chileno caracterizado por un incremento en la preocupación por la seguridad, es esperable que la opinión pública vea con reticencia estos PPLL por considerarse que favorecen a los delincuentes y limitan la capacidad estatal para controlar el crimen. Desde el ámbito político, que descansa en buena medida en la opinión pública, algunos actores plantean restablecer la pena de muerte, buscan limitar derecho a defensa gratuito o aumentar desproporcionadamente las penas. También, desde ciertos sectores políticos se ha presionado o cuestionado el actuar de jueces/as y fiscalía sin evaluar las consecuencias de estas acciones para la imparcialidad, en un contexto en el que el término de ‘garantismo jurídico’ parece ser concebido como como una característica negativa del sistema jurídico. Medidas y acciones de este tipo amenazan este conjunto de PPL y la protección del individuo frente al Estado. Dado que, desde el punto de vista politológico, las instituciones requieren de cierto umbral de respaldo subjetivo para su legitimidad social, resulta fundamental estudiar el apoyo ciudadano a los PPL que subyacen al sistema de justicia penal. A pesar, sin embargo, de la relevancia de este tema, la literatura en torno a lo que en adelante llamaremos las ‘Actitudes Ciudadanas hacia los Principios Penales Liberales’ (en adelante APPL) es sumamente escasa. Investigaciones previas solo han abordado el respaldo hacia ciertos principios aislados, hacia un set de PPL , pero no hacia el conjunto completo de PPL subyacentes al sistema de justicia. Sin embargoA pesar de lo anterior, investigación seminal y exploratoria en torno al tema se ha realizado en el contexto chileno identificándose una baja adhesión ciudadana a los PPL y, también,a la vez que, esto se han encontradomantendría un correlatos con el género, la educación y la orientación política de las personas. Por últimoOtro ejemplo de investigación emergente en la temática es, en Reino Unido. En este último páís -con sistema jurídico consuetudinario- se ha validado a nivel confirmatorio una escala (actualmente en revisión) para medir las APPL (en adelante E-APPL). Empero, esta escala no ha sido aplicada aun en otros países, o contextos con sistema de derecho escrito. Adicionalmente, tampoco hay hallazgos sobre los posibles factores explicativos de las APPL y sus consecuencias, relevándose entonces un vacío de conocimiento necesario de abordar. Considerando esto, y mediante una metodología mixta (cuantitativa y cualitativa), nuestra investigación busca estudiar las APPL en población residente en Chile. Específicamente, se busca a) describir los niveles y tipos APPL, b) los posibles factores que explican o dan cuenta de las APPL, y c) las consecuencias de las APPL para la legitimidad y confianza en el sistema de justicia chileno.

In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.

In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.