Proyectos

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]We propose a three-stage study to explore the roles of BCRNF on NUE, wheat productivity, and nutritional grain quality. In Stage 1, we will assay the effect of BCRNFs on N-dynamics and chemical soil properties through soil incubations performed under controlled conditions for 90 days. We will measure N-losses periodically through volatilization of NH3 and NO2. Additionally, we will quantify potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), changes in the C:N ratio, and changes in pH and soil nutrient content during nine sampling dates. In Stage 2, two independent experiments will be conducted to evaluate the interaction among BCRNFs with soil and its effect on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant adaptive strategies related to NUE. In Experiment 1, wheat will be harvested at the pre-anthesis growth stage, and plant growth parameters and N concentration in tissues will be used to determine N uptake efficiency (NUPE). Additionally, it will measure plant adaptative strategies related to N-uptake, such as root architecture, exudation of organic acids by roots, and changes in enzymatic and microbial activities in the soil. In Experiment 2, wheat plants will be harvested at the maturity stage to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and N concentration to determine N utilization efficiency (NUTE). Plant adaptive strategies related to NUTE will also be assessed, including N-translocation and remobilization, CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomal conductance (gs), photosynthesis per unit of N, PNUE. In addition, the leaf response to the fluorescence and stay green trait will also be performed. The amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. In Stage 3, the effect of BCRNFs on wheat productivity and nutritional quality will be evaluated in field conditions. The trials will be conducted over two agricultural seasons, and the impact of BCRNFs on soil and plant samples will be assessed at three different stages: anthesis, soft dough grain, and hard dough grain. During these stages, the chemical properties of the soil, as well as microbial and enzymatic activities, will be evaluated. Photosynthetic parameters such as A, gs, Ci, E, Fo, Fm, and QY will be quantified. The plant height, harvest index, and yield components will be assessed at the end of each growing season. Grain quality indicators like protein content, gluten levels, and sedimentation rate will also be measured. Finally, the amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. This proposal focused on understanding the interconnections among soil, N-fertilizer, and plant physiology, using wheat as a model crop. The primary aim is to boost N management strategies in agriculture, ensuring a balance between productivity and sustainability. The initiative seeks to create a technological solution to enhance NUE, reduce environmental impact, and ensure global food security.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]We propose a three-stage study to explore the roles of BCRNF on NUE, wheat productivity, and nutritional grain quality. In Stage 1, we will assay the effect of BCRNFs on N-dynamics and chemical soil properties through soil incubations performed under controlled conditions for 90 days. We will measure N-losses periodically through volatilization of NH3 and NO2. Additionally, we will quantify potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), changes in the C:N ratio, and changes in pH and soil nutrient content during nine sampling dates. In Stage 2, two independent experiments will be conducted to evaluate the interaction among BCRNFs with soil and its effect on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant adaptive strategies related to NUE. In Experiment 1, wheat will be harvested at the pre-anthesis growth stage, and plant growth parameters and N concentration in tissues will be used to determine N uptake efficiency (NUPE). Additionally, it will measure plant adaptative strategies related to N-uptake, such as root architecture, exudation of organic acids by roots, and changes in enzymatic and microbial activities in the soil. In Experiment 2, wheat plants will be harvested at the maturity stage to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and N concentration to determine N utilization efficiency (NUTE). Plant adaptive strategies related to NUTE will also be assessed, including N-translocation and remobilization, CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomal conductance (gs), photosynthesis per unit of N, PNUE. In addition, the leaf response to the fluorescence and stay green trait will also be performed. The amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. In Stage 3, the effect of BCRNFs on wheat productivity and nutritional quality will be evaluated in field conditions. The trials will be conducted over two agricultural seasons, and the impact of BCRNFs on soil and plant samples will be assessed at three different stages: anthesis, soft dough grain, and hard dough grain. During these stages, the chemical properties of the soil, as well as microbial and enzymatic activities, will be evaluated. Photosynthetic parameters such as A, gs, Ci, E, Fo, Fm, and QY will be quantified. The plant height, harvest index, and yield components will be assessed at the end of each growing season. Grain quality indicators like protein content, gluten levels, and sedimentation rate will also be measured. Finally, the amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. This proposal focused on understanding the interconnections among soil, N-fertilizer, and plant physiology, using wheat as a model crop. The primary aim is to boost N management strategies in agriculture, ensuring a balance between productivity and sustainability. The initiative seeks to create a technological solution to enhance NUE, reduce environmental impact, and ensure global food security.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]This research aims to explore the everyday interactions and relationships among individuals who use wearable technologies in Chile, focusing on health self-tracking and its implications. Wearable technologies, which integrate advanced computing and electronics into clothing and accessories, have seen significant global adoption since the early 21st century due to the miniaturization of computational devices. These technologies offer continuous, fluid, and hands-free operations, transforming them into an extension of the body and mind. Their applications span various domains, including health and fitness, medical applications, consumer electronics, military uses, and fashion. Despite their benefits, wearable technologies present technical and ethical challenges, particularly concerning privacy, data analysis, and surveillance. In Chile, wearable devices are increasingly used to monitor health variables, although detailed data on their adoption rates among the general population is limited. Studies indicate a growing interest in integrating these technologies into healthcare practices, suggesting potential widespread use in the near future.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]This research aims to explore the everyday interactions and relationships among individuals who use wearable technologies in Chile, focusing on health self-tracking and its implications. Wearable technologies, which integrate advanced computing and electronics into clothing and accessories, have seen significant global adoption since the early 21st century due to the miniaturization of computational devices. These technologies offer continuous, fluid, and hands-free operations, transforming them into an extension of the body and mind. Their applications span various domains, including health and fitness, medical applications, consumer electronics, military uses, and fashion. Despite their benefits, wearable technologies present technical and ethical challenges, particularly concerning privacy, data analysis, and surveillance. In Chile, wearable devices are increasingly used to monitor health variables, although detailed data on their adoption rates among the general population is limited. Studies indicate a growing interest in integrating these technologies into healthcare practices, suggesting potential widespread use in the near future.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]The school is a crucial socialisation institution that forms young people’s perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs (Gidengil et al., 2016). Moreover, it is the main socialisation space that provides the youth with broader social relationships compared to the intimate social context of the family (Vincent et al., 2018). This Fondecyt project will ethnographically analyse the school’s role in socialising attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among secondary students in classrooms with a diversified socioeconomic composition. Studying these attitudes is crucial since they might symbolically legitimise or challenge the existing social order (Sandel, 2021) and contribute to the reproduction or transformation of socioeconomic inequalities (Alesina et al., 2012). Since evidence on this issue is key for democratic governments in socioeconomically unequal societies to inform policies for reducing inequality and increasing social cohesion, the project focuses on Chile, a country with extreme levels of socioeconomic inequality (WID, 2022). By identifying opportunities and challenges for schools to promote egalitarian attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among their socioeconomically diverse students, the project will provide decisive evidence for education policy to improve their support to school communities. The general objective of this project is to analyse how the schools contribute to shaping attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among secondary students in classrooms that have diversified their socioeconomic composition. The specific objectives are as follows: 1. To characterise the socioeconomic heterogeneity within schools with secondary education in Chile and identify those that have diversified the socioeconomic composition of their students in the last decade. 2. To determine the schools’ pedagogical, organisational and community responses to the increase in their socioeconomic diversity and examine how these responses promote particular attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality. 3. To describe the students' inter-class relationships and identify how these relate to particular attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality, including awareness of inequality, perceptions of the fairness of social inequalities, meritocratic beliefs, and egalitarian preferences. The study will use a sequential mixed methods design, with a first quantitative phase aimed at answering Specific Objective 1 and informing the selection of the sample of schools for the second - ethnographic - phase, which is the predominant one and seeks to answer Specific Objectives 2 and 3: a) Quantitative phase: A Socioeconomic Diversity Index (SDI) will be created using data from the Quality of Education Agency through its SIMCE questionnaire to parents of secondary students for 2014-2024, which asks about the families’ socioeconomic information. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe SDI and its temporal variation by school. b) Ethnographic phase: Ethnographic fieldwork will be deployed in three schools with increased socioeconomic diversity, as measured in the SDI. Fieldwork in each school will last approximately two months, and the following methods will be used: - Interviews with staff members: 10 in each school (30 total), including the Principal, two Deputy Principals, three professionals from a psychosocial support team and four teachers. - Friendship maps and interviews with students: Maps of the students’ social relationships will be built with secondary students, seeking to include the whole class in each school (approximately 100 students in total). Maps will be followed by interviews. - Observations: They will be conducted in classrooms, playgrounds, and school events for approximately 100 hours in each school (approximately 300 hours of observation in total). The expected results include a) a map of all Chilean schools according to their current socioeconomic diversity and its temporal variation; b) in-depth evidence of inter-class relationships between secondary students and how these affect their attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality; and c) a systematisation of the schools’ responses to the students’ socioeconomic heterogeneity, their links to the development of attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality, and their facilitating and hindering elements. These findings will be useful for other schools that are diversifying their student body, wish to do so, or are interested in promoting egalitarian attitudes among their students. Ultimately, the project will provide critical evidence for public policy to promote schools that foster the development of egalitarian attitudes and potentially contribute to reducing social inequalities.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]The school is a crucial socialisation institution that forms young people’s perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs (Gidengil et al., 2016). Moreover, it is the main socialisation space that provides the youth with broader social relationships compared to the intimate social context of the family (Vincent et al., 2018). This Fondecyt project will ethnographically analyse the school’s role in socialising attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among secondary students in classrooms with a diversified socioeconomic composition. Studying these attitudes is crucial since they might symbolically legitimise or challenge the existing social order (Sandel, 2021) and contribute to the reproduction or transformation of socioeconomic inequalities (Alesina et al., 2012). Since evidence on this issue is key for democratic governments in socioeconomically unequal societies to inform policies for reducing inequality and increasing social cohesion, the project focuses on Chile, a country with extreme levels of socioeconomic inequality (WID, 2022). By identifying opportunities and challenges for schools to promote egalitarian attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among their socioeconomically diverse students, the project will provide decisive evidence for education policy to improve their support to school communities. The general objective of this project is to analyse how the schools contribute to shaping attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among secondary students in classrooms that have diversified their socioeconomic composition. The specific objectives are as follows: 1. To characterise the socioeconomic heterogeneity within schools with secondary education in Chile and identify those that have diversified the socioeconomic composition of their students in the last decade. 2. To determine the schools’ pedagogical, organisational and community responses to the increase in their socioeconomic diversity and examine how these responses promote particular attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality. 3. To describe the students' inter-class relationships and identify how these relate to particular attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality, including awareness of inequality, perceptions of the fairness of social inequalities, meritocratic beliefs, and egalitarian preferences. The study will use a sequential mixed methods design, with a first quantitative phase aimed at answering Specific Objective 1 and informing the selection of the sample of schools for the second - ethnographic - phase, which is the predominant one and seeks to answer Specific Objectives 2 and 3: a) Quantitative phase: A Socioeconomic Diversity Index (SDI) will be created using data from the Quality of Education Agency through its SIMCE questionnaire to parents of secondary students for 2014-2024, which asks about the families’ socioeconomic information. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe SDI and its temporal variation by school. b) Ethnographic phase: Ethnographic fieldwork will be deployed in three schools with increased socioeconomic diversity, as measured in the SDI. Fieldwork in each school will last approximately two months, and the following methods will be used: - Interviews with staff members: 10 in each school (30 total), including the Principal, two Deputy Principals, three professionals from a psychosocial support team and four teachers. - Friendship maps and interviews with students: Maps of the students’ social relationships will be built with secondary students, seeking to include the whole class in each school (approximately 100 students in total). Maps will be followed by interviews. - Observations: They will be conducted in classrooms, playgrounds, and school events for approximately 100 hours in each school (approximately 300 hours of observation in total). The expected results include a) a map of all Chilean schools according to their current socioeconomic diversity and its temporal variation; b) in-depth evidence of inter-class relationships between secondary students and how these affect their attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality; and c) a systematisation of the schools’ responses to the students’ socioeconomic heterogeneity, their links to the development of attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality, and their facilitating and hindering elements. These findings will be useful for other schools that are diversifying their student body, wish to do so, or are interested in promoting egalitarian attitudes among their students. Ultimately, the project will provide critical evidence for public policy to promote schools that foster the development of egalitarian attitudes and potentially contribute to reducing social inequalities.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]

[vc_section el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center circle--pattern" css=".vc_custom_1648956589196{padding-top: 3rem !important;}"][vc_row el_class="pb-5"][vc_column][vc_wp_custommenu nav_menu="6"][uoh_breadcrumb_component automatic_breadcrumb="true"][uoh_title_component title_dropdown="big" title_decorator="true"]{{title}}[/uoh_title_component][vc_column_text css=""]In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649209804184{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center p-md-0 pt-5"][vc_column el_class="p-0"][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section][vc_section css=".vc_custom_1649210787516{background-color: #f6faff !important;}" el_class="p-md-0 pt-md-5 pb-md-5"][vc_row el_class="container mx-auto align-items-center"][vc_column][/vc_column][/vc_row][/vc_section]