Proyectos

Plants, with their two-layered immune system, are equipped to combat pathogen invasion. The first layer, Pattern Triggered Immunity (PTI), is a powerful defense mechanism. It relies on Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) to detect Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) from microbes, triggering a robust defense response. This response, including signaling cascades, gene expression changes, and production of antimicrobials and defense hormones, contributes to restricting pathogen colonization. PTI activation can trigger a systemic response known as Induced Systemic Resistance (IRS), enhancing plant defenses throughout the organism and leading to Non-Host-Resistance. The potential of PTI activation to enhance a plant's overall defensive capacity is a promising strategy to improve crop health. PTI activation at infection sites triggers the production of mobile signals within the plant, which then spread IRS throughout the plant, enhancing its overall defensive capacity. Flg22 and xyn11, two well-known MAMPs, trigger PTI in tomato, activating various defense responses and, interestingly, including IRS in tomatoes and other plants. Plant roots, often overlooked in discussions of plant immune systems, possess their own immune system, though less potent than leaves. They respond to MAMPs like Flg22 and chitin, but with weaker production of defense chemicals. Despite this difference, roots activate various defenses like PR proteins and callose deposition. Uniquely, roots secrete antifungal secondary metabolites like flavonoids. These root exudates play a crucial role in shaping the surrounding microbiome, attracting beneficial microbes, and possess antimicrobial activity itself. Studies have shown that root exudate composition can be manipulated to influence the soil microbiome and potentially enhance plant growth. This underlines the importance of considering roots in our understanding of plant immune systems, particularly how defense responses are displayed in the root after immune activation in leaves in terms of a systemic immune response. This often overlooked aspect is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of plant immunity. Plants and microbes communicate two-way, establishing an interaction, by instance, plant root exudates influence the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome, which in turn regulates plant growth and immunity. Research suggests that specific bacteria within the rhizosphere microbiome can enhance plant immunity. In fact, transplanting the microbiome from a resistant tomato variety to a susceptible one improved disease resistance. Understanding this plant-microbiome-soil interaction is crucial for developing sustainable agriculture. Our ongoing research investigates how soil type influences tomato immunity and its connection to the soil microbiome. Preliminary results show that different soil types affect the strength of plant immunity responses, even though the overall bacterial types (phyla) are similar. Interestingly, specific bacterial isolates from a soil type with higher immunity were able to directly trigger plant defense mechanisms. Unraveling the intricate interplay between soil type, the rhizosphere microbiome, and tomato immunity holds the key to unlocking sustainable and resilient agricultural practices. This proposal aims to investigate the potential of targeted Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI) activation in tomato leaves to enhance plant defense against diverse pathogens. We hypothesize that leaf application of microbial elicitors (flg22 and Xyn11) will trigger PTI, leading to changes in root gene expression and root exudate composition. These alterations are expected to enrich beneficial bacteria in the rhizosphere microbiome, ultimately enhancing resistance against both the foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and the soil-borne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. To achieve this, we have defined three specific objectives: 1) Evaluate the impact of leaf-applied elicitors on pathogen susceptibility, root gene expression, root exudate composition, and soil microbiome composition. 2) Develop synthetic exudates mimicking PTI-activated plants and construct synthetic microbial communities potentially containing beneficial bacteria. 3) Assess the effectiveness of leaf-applied elicitors and synthetic microbial communities on the root microbiome and plant health under field conditions. With this, we aim to elucidate the mechanisms by which leaf-based PTI activation influences root-level processes and shapes the rhizosphere microbiome to enhance tomato plant defense against various pathogens. The findings hold promise for developing novel and sustainable strategies for disease management in tomato production.

The school is a crucial socialisation institution that forms young people’s perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs (Gidengil et al., 2016). Moreover, it is the main socialisation space that provides the youth with broader social relationships compared to the intimate social context of the family (Vincent et al., 2018). This Fondecyt project will ethnographically analyse the school’s role in socialising attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among secondary students in classrooms with a diversified socioeconomic composition. Studying these attitudes is crucial since they might symbolically legitimise or challenge the existing social order (Sandel, 2021) and contribute to the reproduction or transformation of socioeconomic inequalities (Alesina et al., 2012). Since evidence on this issue is key for democratic governments in socioeconomically unequal societies to inform policies for reducing inequality and increasing social cohesion, the project focuses on Chile, a country with extreme levels of socioeconomic inequality (WID, 2022). By identifying opportunities and challenges for schools to promote egalitarian attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among their socioeconomically diverse students, the project will provide decisive evidence for education policy to improve their support to school communities. The general objective of this project is to analyse how the schools contribute to shaping attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality among secondary students in classrooms that have diversified their socioeconomic composition. The specific objectives are as follows: 1. To characterise the socioeconomic heterogeneity within schools with secondary education in Chile and identify those that have diversified the socioeconomic composition of their students in the last decade. 2. To determine the schools’ pedagogical, organisational and community responses to the increase in their socioeconomic diversity and examine how these responses promote particular attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality. 3. To describe the students' inter-class relationships and identify how these relate to particular attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality, including awareness of inequality, perceptions of the fairness of social inequalities, meritocratic beliefs, and egalitarian preferences. The study will use a sequential mixed methods design, with a first quantitative phase aimed at answering Specific Objective 1 and informing the selection of the sample of schools for the second - ethnographic - phase, which is the predominant one and seeks to answer Specific Objectives 2 and 3: a) Quantitative phase: A Socioeconomic Diversity Index (SDI) will be created using data from the Quality of Education Agency through its SIMCE questionnaire to parents of secondary students for 2014-2024, which asks about the families’ socioeconomic information. Descriptive statistics will be used to describe SDI and its temporal variation by school. b) Ethnographic phase: Ethnographic fieldwork will be deployed in three schools with increased socioeconomic diversity, as measured in the SDI. Fieldwork in each school will last approximately two months, and the following methods will be used: - Interviews with staff members: 10 in each school (30 total), including the Principal, two Deputy Principals, three professionals from a psychosocial support team and four teachers. - Friendship maps and interviews with students: Maps of the students’ social relationships will be built with secondary students, seeking to include the whole class in each school (approximately 100 students in total). Maps will be followed by interviews. - Observations: They will be conducted in classrooms, playgrounds, and school events for approximately 100 hours in each school (approximately 300 hours of observation in total). The expected results include a) a map of all Chilean schools according to their current socioeconomic diversity and its temporal variation; b) in-depth evidence of inter-class relationships between secondary students and how these affect their attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality; and c) a systematisation of the schools’ responses to the students’ socioeconomic heterogeneity, their links to the development of attitudes towards socioeconomic inequality, and their facilitating and hindering elements. These findings will be useful for other schools that are diversifying their student body, wish to do so, or are interested in promoting egalitarian attitudes among their students. Ultimately, the project will provide critical evidence for public policy to promote schools that foster the development of egalitarian attitudes and potentially contribute to reducing social inequalities.

In democratic countries, the effectiveness of police work relies on having public support. When the public believes in the police's legitimate authority, they are likelier to follow their orders and cooperate with law enforcement. Conversely, perceptions of unjust behavior, such as not allowing citizens to explain themselves during interactions (procedural injustice), can lead to defiance of police orders (defiant motivational postures). In fact, over recent decades, we have witnessed numerous violent protests, police brutality, and human rights violations by police forces worldwide, including in Chile. The Carabineros, Chile's primary police force, were once highly trusted by the Chilean population. However, incidents of corruption and excessive use of force during the October 2019 social outbreak severely damaged public trust in the police (Instituto Nacional de Derechos Humanos [INDH], 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extent to which individuals perceive the police as acting fairly and correctly (i.e., procedural justice) and how they interact with and view the police in Chile (i.e., motivational postures). Additionally, it is well documented in the international literature that people who belong to minority groups (such as migrants, indigenous people, black Americans, among others) may have more tense interactions with the police and suffer higher levels of discrimination when interacting with police officers. Particularly, in Chile, there is evidence that police forces have used, both historically and in the present day, excessive use of force in particular against minority groups, namely among Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, as well as youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, we argue that these interactions between citizens and police are not only theoretically significant but also have societal implications, potentially influencing levels of conflict or cohesion within a community. Furthermore, international studies have also shown that disproportionate use of force by law enforcement often targets marginalized communities, particularly minority groups. Members of these groups also experience higher levels of discrimination compared to more privileged social groups within specific contexts (Feldman et al., 2019; Gee & Ford, 2011). Such experiences erode trust in law enforcement and may provoke protests against the police or demands for police reforms, as well as the avoidance of the police, even their work may be necessary (Woods et al., 2015). Therefore, understanding the interplay between perceptions of procedural justice (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler & Lind, 1992) and motivational postures (Braithwaite, 2003) is crucial for understanding police-minority interactions. In this light, the current project aims to understand how police-minority interactions in Chile are experienced and perceived in terms of procedural justice and motivational postures by considering the perspectives of three minority groups (namely, Mapuche people, immigrants living in Chile, and youths from low socioeconomic backgrounds) and police officers. To our knowledge, there is a scarcity of studies focusing on police-minority interactions in Chile. Thus, by developing three interconnected studies with minority group members (Studies 1 and 3) and police officers (Study 2), this project’s expected results aim to, firstly, contribute to the state-of-the-art from a theoretical perspective, with the aim of advancing our understanding of police-minority interactions, through a combination of different frameworks combining procedural justice and motivational postures. Second, from a practical standpoint, we aim to generate empirical evidence that enables our understanding of police- minority interactions and provide practical guidelines and public policy recommendations about ways in which minority-police interactions can improve and lead to higher levels of procedural justice and more compliance with law enforcement. To achieve our main objective, we will conduct three interconnected studies. First, we will implement a longitudinal qualitative analysis through focus groups with minority group members (Study 1). Secondly, we will conduct semi-structured interviews with police officers (Study 2) and, finally, we will conduct an experimental study to test the causal relationship between procedural justice and motivational postures from the perspective of minority group members (Study 3). Data will be collected in the North (Antofagasta), Center (Santiago) and South (Temuco) of Chile). We expect to publish four articles in peer-reviewed journals, organize three academic seminars with national and international scholars, and present our findings in different national and international conferences. We will also organize four dissemination activities with policy makers and Human Rights Organizations concerned with police violence and how this phenomenon particularly affects minority groups, as a means to contribute to and potentially influence the development of public policies in the area of police- minority interactions. Finally, we also aim to disseminate our results among Carabineros and other relevant actors within Chilean society, as well as civil society in general.

We propose a three-stage study to explore the roles of BCRNF on NUE, wheat productivity, and nutritional grain quality. In Stage 1, we will assay the effect of BCRNFs on N-dynamics and chemical soil properties through soil incubations performed under controlled conditions for 90 days. We will measure N-losses periodically through volatilization of NH3 and NO2. Additionally, we will quantify potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN), changes in the C:N ratio, and changes in pH and soil nutrient content during nine sampling dates. In Stage 2, two independent experiments will be conducted to evaluate the interaction among BCRNFs with soil and its effect on the morphological, physiological, and biochemical plant adaptive strategies related to NUE. In Experiment 1, wheat will be harvested at the pre-anthesis growth stage, and plant growth parameters and N concentration in tissues will be used to determine N uptake efficiency (NUPE). Additionally, it will measure plant adaptative strategies related to N-uptake, such as root architecture, exudation of organic acids by roots, and changes in enzymatic and microbial activities in the soil. In Experiment 2, wheat plants will be harvested at the maturity stage to evaluate the relationship between grain yield and N concentration to determine N utilization efficiency (NUTE). Plant adaptive strategies related to NUTE will also be assessed, including N-translocation and remobilization, CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomal conductance (gs), photosynthesis per unit of N, PNUE. In addition, the leaf response to the fluorescence and stay green trait will also be performed. The amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. In Stage 3, the effect of BCRNFs on wheat productivity and nutritional quality will be evaluated in field conditions. The trials will be conducted over two agricultural seasons, and the impact of BCRNFs on soil and plant samples will be assessed at three different stages: anthesis, soft dough grain, and hard dough grain. During these stages, the chemical properties of the soil, as well as microbial and enzymatic activities, will be evaluated. Photosynthetic parameters such as A, gs, Ci, E, Fo, Fm, and QY will be quantified. The plant height, harvest index, and yield components will be assessed at the end of each growing season. Grain quality indicators like protein content, gluten levels, and sedimentation rate will also be measured. Finally, the amount of nitrogen in grain derived from the fertilizer (Ndff) will be calculated using the δ15N values obtained from grains. This proposal focused on understanding the interconnections among soil, N-fertilizer, and plant physiology, using wheat as a model crop. The primary aim is to boost N management strategies in agriculture, ensuring a balance between productivity and sustainability. The initiative seeks to create a technological solution to enhance NUE, reduce environmental impact, and ensure global food security.

Fluctuaciones glaciares del Cuaternario tardío en Chile central: bases para comprender el pasado, presente y futuro del clima”.

El constante aumento de la población humana exige una producción de alimentos que sea rápida y sostenible. Debido a esto, los fertilizantes químicos se han utilizado extensamente, a menudo en exceso, lo que genera múltiples problemas. Esto hace que la sostenibilidad agrícola a mediano y largo plazo dependa de la implementación de alternativas más accesibles y ecológicamente seguras. La productividad agrícola mundial se enfrenta a dificultades debido a tensiones humanas, abióticas y ambientales causadas por el cambio climático. Este proyecto busca resolver estos desafíos mediante el estudio de estrategias sostenibles para mejorar la eficiencia en la producción de maíz en el centro-sur de Chile. El proyecto propone evaluar el impacto de estas estrategias en la absorción y removilización de nutrientes, la sanidad vegetal, así como en el rendimiento y calidad del maíz. En Chile, el maíz desempeña un papel vital en la agricultura, tanto en la alimentación humana como animal. Se prevé que los resultados de esta investigación impulsen una producción de maíz más sostenible y resistente ante los retos ambientales y económicos actuales en la región centro-sur de Chile.

El constante aumento de la población humana exige una producción de alimentos que sea rápida y sostenible. Debido a esto, los fertilizantes químicos se han utilizado extensamente, a menudo en exceso, lo que genera múltiples problemas. Esto hace que la sostenibilidad agrícola a mediano y largo plazo dependa de la implementación de alternativas más accesibles y ecológicamente seguras. La productividad agrícola mundial se enfrenta a dificultades debido a tensiones humanas, abióticas y ambientales causadas por el cambio climático. Este proyecto busca resolver estos desafíos mediante el estudio de estrategias sostenibles para mejorar la eficiencia en la producción de maíz en el centro-sur de Chile. El proyecto propone evaluar el impacto de estas estrategias en la absorción y removilización de nutrientes, la sanidad vegetal, así como en el rendimiento y calidad del maíz. En Chile, el maíz desempeña un papel vital en la agricultura, tanto en la alimentación humana como animal. Se prevé que los resultados de esta investigación impulsen una producción de maíz más sostenible y resistente ante los retos ambientales y económicos actuales en la región centro-sur de Chile.

Este proyecto busca analizar el nivel de competencias digitales en estudiantes universitarios, abordando las brechas de género como un aspecto clave para una educación inclusiva y adaptada a las demandas de la era digital. La temática seleccionada es orden de género, ya que está investigación evaluará los factores asociados a las competencias digitales en estudiantes de primer y último año de la Universidad de O’Higgins, con el propósito de validar su impacto en la formación académica y el desarrollo de una ciudadanía digital activa y responsable. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se utilizará un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) que permitirá medir cinco dimensiones de competencias digitales según el Marco Europeo DigComp: alfabetización informacional y de datos, comunicación y colaboración, creación de contenido digital, seguridad y resolución de problemas. Además, se evaluará el efecto moderador del género en la relación entre estas competencias y el nivel de ciudadanía digital, considerando su relevancia en el contexto de la transformación digital. El estudio se desarrollará mediante un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando un cuestionario validado que será aplicado a una muestra representativa de estudiantes con equidad de género. Los resultados serán analizados a través de SEM con mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM) para entender cómo estas competencias impactan la preparación de los y las estudiantes frente a los desafíos digitales actuales. Al finalizar el proyecto, los resultados se compartirán mediante, al menos, una publicación científica de alto impacto, una presentación en congreso, y un seminario de cierre dirigido a la comunidad universitaria, generando una base de conocimiento que apoye el desarrollo de políticas institucionales para reducir las brechas digitales de género en la educación superior.

El proyecto busca fortalecer las competencias en Ciencia, Tecnología, Conocimiento e Innovación (CTCI) en comunidades educativas. Este objetivo se enfoca en escuelas públicas de alta vulnerabilidad, promoviendo la integración y valorización de las iniciativas del Programa Explora, y robusteciendo el ecosistema CTCI en la región de O'Higgins. Objetivo General: Contribuir al fortalecimiento de competencias CTCI en comunidades educativas mediante la valorización y apropiación de los instrumentos del Programa Explora, con especial énfasis en establecimientos públicos con altos índices de vulnerabilidad. Objetivos Específicos: Planificar, ejecutar y evaluar actividades que fortalezcan competencias CTCI en estudiantes, docentes y educadores de párvulos mediante la implementación y evaluación de instrumentos del Programa Explora. Diseñar e implementar un plan de acción para integrar las iniciativas del Programa Explora en la gestión educativa de las comunidades. Establecer alianzas estratégicas con actores relevantes del sector público, privado y académico para asegurar la sostenibilidad de las acciones del Programa Explora en colaboración con el ecosistema CTCI.

Este proyecto busca analizar el nivel de competencias digitales en estudiantes universitarios, abordando las brechas de género como un aspecto clave para una educación inclusiva y adaptada a las demandas de la era digital. La temática seleccionada es orden de género, ya que está investigación evaluará los factores asociados a las competencias digitales en estudiantes de primer y último año de la Universidad de O’Higgins, con el propósito de validar su impacto en la formación académica y el desarrollo de una ciudadanía digital activa y responsable. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se utilizará un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) que permitirá medir cinco dimensiones de competencias digitales según el Marco Europeo DigComp: alfabetización informacional y de datos, comunicación y colaboración, creación de contenido digital, seguridad y resolución de problemas. Además, se evaluará el efecto moderador del género en la relación entre estas competencias y el nivel de ciudadanía digital, considerando su relevancia en el contexto de la transformación digital. El estudio se desarrollará mediante un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando un cuestionario validado que será aplicado a una muestra representativa de estudiantes con equidad de género. Los resultados serán analizados a través de SEM con mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS-SEM) para entender cómo estas competencias impactan la preparación de los y las estudiantes frente a los desafíos digitales actuales. Al finalizar el proyecto, los resultados se compartirán mediante, al menos, una publicación científica de alto impacto, una presentación en congreso, y un seminario de cierre dirigido a la comunidad universitaria, generando una base de conocimiento que apoye el desarrollo de políticas institucionales para reducir las brechas digitales de género en la educación superior.