Proyectos

EL proyecto busca asociar exposiciones ambientales, alimentarias y genéticas con la enfermedad renal crónica de causa idiopática en la Cohorte del Maule MAUCO, Molina, Chile

The NetForSur project will evaluate the vulnerability of forests to climate change along a latitudinal gradient in the Andes Cordillera; to achieve this goal, we will build a research network including 4 countries (Argentina, Chile, France, Peru) to develop synergies using similar methodologies in dendroecology, ecophysiology and remote sensing. The results will complete worldwide inventories of forest dieback and to propose updating of the species status in national and international red lists. Obj 1 : We will assess the level of forest decline and tree mortality in the Andes Cordillera, through a bibliographic analysis including published and grey literature, since many studies are not yet available in international literature or only in Spanish. We will seek to identify the species at stake, the significance of decline in symptoms and surface area affected, the abiotic events associated to the decline and the mechanisms underlying the observed decline. Obj 2: The growth dynamics of endangered, declining or protected tree species will be analyzed. We will use a common methodology to study tree growth response to climate change, building a database to share existing data in dendro-ecology and field stand monitoring over the whole latitudinal gradient, and over local environmental gradients. We will explore several remote sensing tools to upscale the analyses at landscape and regional. Obj 3: Our third objective is to evaluate the ecophysiological adaptive strategies to climate change of endangered or declining tree species (Araucaria araucana, Austrocedrus chilensis, Nothofagus spp, Polylepis spp.). We will set up a common methodology to study tree ecophysiology, measuring adaptive traits characteristic of plant response to abiotic stress (hydraulic traits, energy dissipation traits) associating lab-measured species-specific traits and field based ecophysiological campaigns. Obj 4: Tree mortality risk will be assessed using model simulations associated to current and future climatic conditions using the SUREAU ecophysiological model. It will be adapted to local species and environmental conditions of the Andean Cordillera, and parameterized using data from objectives 2 and 3. Mortality risks predicted by the model will be evaluated in front of decline estimated in the field. Model simulations will be further considered under climate change scenario. Obj 5: A major goal will be to build a long-term research network on forest adaptation to climate change. The collaboration, data sharing and methodology integration will focus on strengthening the international network between all countries in a formalized framework such as 2RI (https://www.inrae.fr/en/2ri-international-research-networks), and to visualize other calls in conjunction with the project to develop and disseminate new joint results on the adaptation of forests to climate change.

To determine the changes on the root-to-canopy system temperatura gradient and their effect of NSC concentration and allocations on different European plum tree organs and tissue, and to establish their relationship with phenology stages undes a scenario the climate change

Estudio de problemas de optimización y juegos con incertidumbre dependiente de decisiones. Estudio a nivel teórico y algorítmico. Estudio de aplicaciones.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a phenomenon that happens when bacteria become tolerant to antibiotics used to treat the infections they cause. Antibiotics are key therapeutic tools to treat many human and animal infectious diseases; consequently, keeping their activity on bacteria is fundamental for public and animal health. Aquaculture farming is known for using large amounts of antibiotics, making this activity particularly relevant in development and spread of AMR in aquatic environments. There is evidence in Chile that aquaculture activity increases the presence of resistant bacteria and their corresponding genes in marine sediments directly impacted by salmon farms; however, these evaluations are limited to few locations which hampers a generalization of these conclusions to other salmon farming sites in Chilean waters. There is also evidence suggesting that aquaculture-associated resistance genes present in marine sediments might be transferred to bacteria with pathogenic potential in humans such as Escherichia coli, but no studies have reported the presence of resistance traits in such bacteria in the marine environment from areas impacted by salmon farming in Chile. In countries like Norway, bivalve mollusks are used to monitor antibiotic resistance in Enterobacteria in the marine environment; therefore, they could also be useful for monitoring AMR associated with salmon farming and other anthropogenic sources in Chile. Sampling of bivalve mollusks represents an important logistical advantage to complex and expensive seabed sediment sampling. Los Lagos is the region with the highest historical production of farmed salmon in Chile; then, it is a suitable area to investigate the impact of aquaculture-sourced AMR in the marine environment. The general objective of this proposal is to investigate aquaculture-associated AMR in the marine environment of Los Lagos region from an epidemiologic approach, using bivalve mollusks as sentinel organisms and E. coli as the indicator bacterium. Specific objectives include: 1) to detect, characterize and estimate the prevalence of AMR in E. coli isolated from bivalve mollusks in the Los Lagos region, through a region-level sampling; 2) to study the spatial variability of AMR in E. coli isolated from bivalve mollusks from Los Lagos region; 3) to evaluate the effect of salmon farming activity on the richness and intensity of AMR in E. coli isolated from bivalves from Los Lagos region, controlling for potential confounding factors; and 4) to determine whether significant differences exist in the accumulation of E. coli and resistant E. coli in bivalve mollusks between the sampled bivalve species, accounting for environmental and biological factors. Bivalve mollusks samples will be obtained the 130 sampling stations set along the coast of Los Lagos by the National Program for Surveillance and Control of Harmful Algal Blooms Intoxications (red tides) coordinated by the Ministry of Health. Thirty-three additional sampling stations will be set in the same study area in order to achieve the calculated total sample size of 163 sampling stations. At each sampling station bivalve mollusks will be sampled to quantify E. coli and to detect and characterize both phenotypic and genotypic AMR in this bacterium. The study will be focused in 29 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and 20 antibiotics commonly used in salmon farming or for which resistance has been detected in previous studies. The antimicrobial susceptibility will be performed by estimating the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for each antibiotic using the VITEK2 technology. The genotypic analysis will be carried out by means of the detection target ARGs, through PCR. Spatial clustering will be examined for each antibiotic tested using MIC values and the ARG richness index; global clustering will be evaluated through the Moran’s I statistic, while local clustering will be examined by means of the spatial scan statistic. ARG richness will be modeled as a function of the local salmon farming intensity expressed as the number of active salmon farms within 10 km seaway distance from the bivalve sampling location, using a Poisson mixed-effects model in order to control for other AMR sources and important environmental variables. Similar models will be constructed using MICs as the outcome for antimicrobials that show substantial variability in this parameter. Finally, the abundance of both total and resistant E. coli (MPN/100g) found in bivalve mollusks will be modeled as a function of the bivalve species sampled, accounting for bivalve size, water temperature, local salmon farming intensity and distance to other AMR sources, using a mixed-effect linear regression model. This study will contribute to characterize and to identify the main drivers of the environmental AMR in an area with intense salmon farming activity, and it will help to understand how this AMR can impact public health through potential pathogenic bacteria. In practice, this proposal will be the first extensive epidemiological study in this matter in Chile. Moreover, this proposal will help to determine which bivalve mollusks species are suitable to monitor AMR in environments impacted by salmon farming. All this information will be crucial to set the foundations for a future AMR monitoring program in areas of intense aquaculture.

Proyecto presentado a FIA por COAGRICAM en el que participo como asociado y cuyo objetivo es sentar la línea base de los principales residuos agrícolas generados por la producción hortícola de la región de O'Higgins, para hacer un tratamiento apropiado de estos y promover la circularidad y el manejo sostenible de los suelos de la región.

Los bosques de Nothofagus macrocarpa se consideran relictos de las condiciones climáticas pasadas y de la historia de perturbaciones humanas. El actual estado de degradación de los bosques de N. macrocarpa y su incierta resiliencia ante nuevas alteraciones de hábitat humanas, como el cambio climático o incendios forestales, y naturales hace que esta especie sea considerada en un estado de conservación vulnerable. Sin embargo, esta definición de estado de conservación carece de un análisis que integre las modificaciones de procesos ecológicos producto del potencial efecto de futuras condiciones climáticas y de las alteraciones humanas. En este proyecto buscamos desarrollar una evaluación de la integridad ecológica de los bosques de N. macrocarpa en un contexto de alteración de hábitat producto del uso humano, sequías pasadas y futuro cambio climático. El método propuesto permitirá estandarizar una evaluación que sintetice umbrales y curvas de respuesta de agentes de estrés sobre las poblaciones de N. macrocarpa producto de la alteración de hábitat. Finalmente, generaremos instancias de diálogo y difusión de los hallazgos sistematizados de N. macrocarpa con comunidades locales y diversos actores gubernamentales, que ayuden a actualizar las bases normativas de la ley forestal en Chile.

El Cambio Global está alterando la composición y estructura original de los ecosistemas naturales, generando degradación y fragmentación a nivel mundial, especialmente en regiones vulnerables como las mediterráneas. Bajo este escenario, la restauración ecológica se ha tornado clave para la conservación y recuperación de ecosistemas con altos niveles de fragmentación y perturbación, como es el caso de las formaciones vegetacionales xerofíticas de Chile central. Por ejemplo, la cuenca del río Petorca, región de Valparaíso, está pasando por una sequía histórica, además de presentar altas tasas de sustitución de formaciones xerofíticas por cultivos frutales. Por esto, los proyectos de restauración ecológica en este tipo de vegetación resultan un desafío permanente, debido principalmente por la escasa información existente. Este desafío aumenta al tratarse de iniciativas en la precordillera andina, que es justamente donde es necesario recuperar y aumentar las funciones ecosistémicas degradadas como la provisión de carbono y agua, el control de erosión, el hábitat de especies, y biodiversidad, entre otros. Experiencias previas en restauración se han centrado principalmente en plantar especies arbóreas, sin considerar la resiliencia de las áreas degradadas. La presente propuesta busca evaluar el éxito de la restauración activa-pasiva en formaciones xerofíticas a corto plazo en una cuenca altamente perturbada por cultivos agrícolas, basándose en la capacidad de resiliencia de las áreas degradadas, para así maximizar el potencial de recuperación natural del ecosistema. Primero (obj 1), se realizará un diagnóstico del estado de las formaciones xerofíticas de la cuenca del Río Petorca mediante una combinación de datos satelitales, clasificando áreas xerofíticas de acuerdo al nivel degradación e identificando áreas productoras de semillas que serán usadas como ecosistemas de referencia, y así definir áreas prioritarias a restaurar. Además, se incluirá la participación actores relevantes desde el inicio del proyecto, con la finalidad de generar alianzas de mutuo beneficio, así como también una retroalimentación de los sitios con necesidad de restauración y las metodologías propuestas de restauración. Finalmente, en esta etapa se seleccionará un sitio prioritario de restaurar y su ecosistema de referencia. Segundo (obj 2), se realizará un análisis comparativo entre los sitios seleccionados (degradado y referencia) mediante indicadores basados en estudios prospectivos y retrospectivos de la vegetación, con objetivo de evaluar la resiliencia de las funciones ecosistémicas (principalmente cobertura, productividad, biodiversidad y eficiencia de uso del agua). Se realizará una caracterización prospectiva utilizando vuelos de dron y el monitoreo de parcelas fitosociológicas de estructura, diversidad y regeneración de la vegetación en todos sus hábitos de vida. En paralelo se realizará un estudio retrospectivo para estudiar la variación espacio-temporal en el crecimiento, acumulación de carbono y uso eficiente del agua través de estudios dendrocronológicos. Tercero (obj 3), con la información generada por los objetivos 1 y 2, se instalarán y monitorearán ensayos de restauración ecológica ubicados espacialmente de manera estratégica, buscando la conexión de fragmentos y/o remanentes naturales, basados en cuatro tratamientos: (i) Restauración Activa (RAc: aislamiento del área, obras de conservación de suelo, y reintroducción de especies arbóreas, arbustivas, herbáceas y suculentas); (ii) Restauración Asistida (RAs: aislamiento del área y obras de conservación de suelo); (iii) Restauración pasiva (RP: aislación del área); y (iv) control (tratamiento sin intervención en sitio de referencia próximos al sitio degradado). Para evaluar el éxito de los tratamientos de restauración, se compararán los siguientes indicadores funcionales: (i) estructura, diversidad florística y parámetros ecofisiológicos; (ii) abundancia y biodiversidad de insectos bioindicadores; (iii) características físico-químicas del suelo y compactación; (iv) condiciones microclimáticas. Para poder analizar todos los indicadores bajo una misma variable respuesta, se evaluará la resiliencia a corto plazo de los tres tratamientos de restauración a partir del porcentaje de cambio en cada indicador respecto al tratamiento control. Finalmente, se validará la información generada por el proyecto y su aporte a la Ley 20.283 mediante la participación de los actores clave identificados anteriormente, buscando la transferencia, retroalimentación y discusión entre el conocimiento científico y la percepción comunitaria (obj 4). Se espera que los resultados sirvan de base para el manejo, conservación, restauración y adaptación de la vegetación en tierras secas altamente degradadas frente a las amenazas del cambio global.

Since 2010, central Chile is experiencing a multi-dimensional crisis due to the pervasive impacts of the ongoing mega drought. Political institutions and stakeholders have responded reactively to socio-economic crises associated with the mega drought as they emerge (particularly in the agricultural and health sectors). While governments should move towards risk-based management (Wilhite et al. 2014), they require robust decision making tools to facilitate the transition. One such tool are early warning systems (EWS), which aim to reduce vulnerability and to improve response capacity of people at risk. However, the current observatory developed for Chile, While Chile current has the Chilean Agroclimatic Observatory (Verbist et al., 2016), was mainly designed for scientific purposes and has a poor user experience (UX). To this endwe propose the development of a multi-scale drought observatory for Chile that will help mitigate agricultural and ecological impacts. Using a macrosystems perspective (Heffernan et al. 2014), this observatory will integrate global climate and land satellite data with in-situ measurements from national weather stations. It will have two main components: i) monitoring climate and land variables and their impacts on agricultural and socio-ecological systems, and ii) a drought early warning system (DEWS). The drought monitoring and DEWS platforms will target three user groups – the general public, decision makers , and the scientific community – and will comply with FAIR data principles (Wilkinson et al. 2016), to enhance usability of all products. We will monitor drought-related variables at two spatial scales: the national scale (Fig. 1a) and at ii) the local scale for which we selected the Aconcagua watershed (Fig 1b). Local-scale measurements will also be used to validate and improve drought monitoring at the national scale. We selected this watershed for two reasons: i) it has been highly impacted by drought (Fig. 2c, showing the extreme drought conditions across the watershed), which have triggered several conflicts this year (2021) between agricultural interests and groups concerned with access to drinking water; and ii) this watershed will provide a preview of the future for other watersheds that have yet to experience the evolving, multi-dimensional impacts of similarly extreme droughts.