Proyectos

El objetivo es diseñar e implementar una estrategia transdisciplinaria de vinculación entre los apicultores de la región y la Universidad de O´Higgins, que permita construir una “Hoja de Ruta” para resolver las brechas existentes en el sector y definir las líneas de investigación aplicada a desarrollarse. Esto permitirá mejorar la asociatividad de los apicultores, mejorar la salud de las colmenas, los servicios de polinización y por ende la productividad apícola regional.

Crop pests and diseases lead to massive production loss, creating a global food supply and economic loss. Modern agriculture controls diseases by extensive application of chemicals, however this strategy brings undesired effects, such as human health problems by exposure to these chemicals, environmental contamination and development of pesticide resistant pathogens. Agricultural industry is an economically important activity in Chile, compromising close to 10% of the labor force. The fruit industry (excluding table grapes) corresponds to 8.5% of the arable lands (342,654.2 hectares), where Prunus persica (peach and nectarines, called hereinafter as Peach) has an important place. Peach orchards are affected by several diseases such as, bacterial canker caused by the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae and brown rot blossom blight caused by the fungi Monilinia fructicola and M. laxa, which are controlled mainly by using pesticides. In this context, the need to better understand peach immunity has arisen for developing alternative or supplementary strategies to control crop diseases. Plant immunity relies on the capacity of each individual cell to recognize pathogen threat, through cell surface and intracellular receptors, initiating immune responses to defend themselves. Cell surface receptors are called Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) by their ability of recognizing characteristic microbial-derived molecules called microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Upon MAMP recognition Pattern Triggered Immunity (PTI) is activated, defense responses are elicited enabling the plant to ward off pathogen colonization. MAMPs are distinctive molecules present in bacteria or fungi, non-strain specific, such as bacterial flagellin and fungal endoxylanases, which are recognized by specific PRRs, forming the MAMP/PRR recognition system that triggers the defense. The presence of PRRs is tightly correlated with higher broad pathogen resistance. In fact, transgenic Citrus sinensis, Medicago truncatula, Triticum avium, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Solanum lycopersicum carrying exogenous PRR present higher pathogen resistance. Moreover, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) linking resistance to pathogens with PRRs in Phaseolus vulgaris and Hordeum vulgare. These evidences highlight the potential of exploiting MAMP/PRR recognition system in modern agriculture. We are focused to study in Peach two well described MAMP/PRR recognition model systems: flg22/FLS2 and xyn11/LeEIX2 recognition system. In the case of Flg22/FLS2 recognition system a conserved flagellin peptide, named flg22, is recognized by the PRR FLS2, activating oxidative burst, hormone production and transcriptional activation of Pathogen related (PR) genes. In xyn11/LeEIX2 recognition system a conserved peptide of endoxylanases type 11, named hereinafter xyn11, is recognized by the PRR EIX2, activating oxidative burst, ethylene production, expression of PR proteins and hypersensitive response. These recognition systems are agriculturally important because they can recognize the bacteria Bacillus sp, Pseudomonas sp and Xanthomonas sp and the fungi Trichoderma viridea and Botrytis cinerea. Remarkably, Bacterial Canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae is a current problem for Peach crops in Chile, as well, grey mold caused by Botrytis cinerea infection is a common post-harvesting disease for fruits. Peach immunity is poorly described, however transcriptomic analysis showed more than 20 PRR like proteins induced by Xanthomonas arboricola infection and QTL analysis have identified two RLK genes associated to peach resistance against Monilinia spp, the causal agent of brown rot blossom blight, one of the most economically important peach diseases. However, no functional analyses have described MAMP/PRR recognition systems in peach to date. We expect to generate novel and valuable information regarding Peach immunity, characterizing peach flg22/FLS2 and xyn11/LeEIX2 recognition systems, as well as the defense responses triggered by them and their involvement in resistance to Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis ciniera. In addition, we will explore whether these recognition systems, particularly xyn11/LeEIX2 participate in Monilinia spp recognition.

Cumplo un rol de Investigador Asociado. Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection? Are these mechanisms differentially activated between susceptible and resistance cherry varieties? Do susceptible and resistance cherry varieties present a differential priming under different PRIs exposure? Even more, the increasing of aridity and drought in the North of the country, the advancing desert toward the South and a reduction in water resources in the central zone of Chile, are expected along the XXI century. In this scenario of climate change, other question arises: Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection combined with water deficit? Through this proposal, we intend to answer to these questions, in order to establish the basis for optimize the control of the bacterial canker in cherry fruit tree, by strategies that provide for the use of resistance inductors. We propose two hypotheses: a) Cherry cultivars with differential susceptibility to bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, present genetic differences in the molecular machinery of plant immunity; b) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae infection is enhanced by water restriction due to an alteration of the molecular machinery of plant immunity. The aims of this proposal is to obtain a better understanding of the plant-pathogen molecular interactions of sweet cherry bacterial canker in relationship with water deficit, using mainly omics strategies.

Cumplo un rol de Investigador Asociado. Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection? Are these mechanisms differentially activated between susceptible and resistance cherry varieties? Do susceptible and resistance cherry varieties present a differential priming under different PRIs exposure? Even more, the increasing of aridity and drought in the North of the country, the advancing desert toward the South and a reduction in water resources in the central zone of Chile, are expected along the XXI century. In this scenario of climate change, other question arises: Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection combined with water deficit? Through this proposal, we intend to answer to these questions, in order to establish the basis for optimize the control of the bacterial canker in cherry fruit tree, by strategies that provide for the use of resistance inductors. We propose two hypotheses: a) Cherry cultivars with differential susceptibility to bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, present genetic differences in the molecular machinery of plant immunity; b) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae infection is enhanced by water restriction due to an alteration of the molecular machinery of plant immunity. The aims of this proposal is to obtain a better understanding of the plant-pathogen molecular interactions of sweet cherry bacterial canker in relationship with water deficit, using mainly omics strategies.

Cumplo un rol de Investigador Asociado. Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection? Are these mechanisms differentially activated between susceptible and resistance cherry varieties? Do susceptible and resistance cherry varieties present a differential priming under different PRIs exposure? Even more, the increasing of aridity and drought in the North of the country, the advancing desert toward the South and a reduction in water resources in the central zone of Chile, are expected along the XXI century. In this scenario of climate change, other question arises: Which are the molecular and physiological mechanisms involved in priming and defense activation in cherry plants upon Pss infection combined with water deficit? Through this proposal, we intend to answer to these questions, in order to establish the basis for optimize the control of the bacterial canker in cherry fruit tree, by strategies that provide for the use of resistance inductors. We propose two hypotheses: a) Cherry cultivars with differential susceptibility to bacterial canker, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, present genetic differences in the molecular machinery of plant immunity; b) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae infection is enhanced by water restriction due to an alteration of the molecular machinery of plant immunity. The aims of this proposal is to obtain a better understanding of the plant-pathogen molecular interactions of sweet cherry bacterial canker in relationship with water deficit, using mainly omics strategies.

Soils constitute the largest terrestrial organic carbon (C) pool, which is three times the amount of CO2 currently in the atmosphere and several times the current annual fossil fuel emissions. Thus, increasing net soil C storage can represent a substantial C sink potential with the concomitant effect in the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under climate change scenario. Soils in central areas of Chile showed very low organic C levels as consequence of an intensive activity of different industries such as agriculture and mining. In this sense, the high incorporation of agrochemicals in conventional and intensive agriculture and the inadequate disposal of wastes in mining operations can negatively impact the different natural and agro-ecosystems, with detrimental effects on the soil ranging from erosion, loss of organic matter (OM) and C, and a large accumulation of trace elements, which ultimately results in a significant decrease in the quality of this resource. A significant increase in the accumulation of a wide range of heavy metals in the soil, including copper, lead, cadmium and zinc among others have been widely described and associated to mining and agricultural industries. On the other hand, under the context of sustainable agriculture, the use of agricultural wastes and thus the recycling of nutrients through biotechnological strategies is receiving increasing attention. Globally, the annual production of agricultural residues is approximately 3.7 Pg of dry matter. Straw, roots, stems and other tissues of corn, wheat and rice, are the main annual crop residues, which represent approximately 40.6%, 24.2% and 15.7%, respectively, of world production. Moreover, according to the literature, approximately 3.8 billion tons of livestock (pig and cow) and poultry manure is produced annually. For the sustainable management of these residues, aerobic composting has served as technological approach to transform this organic material into soil amendments used to increase C stock and improve different physical, chemical and biological properties of soil. However, some type of composts is degraded relatively fast under field conditions producing important nutrient losses and GHG emissions among others. The utilization of clay minerals and recalcitrant C sources as pyrogenic C (biochar) produced by pyrolysis, have gained increasing interest as additives of composting operations, due to their influence in the reduction of GHG emissions and their effectivity in the stabilization of C both in compost and soils, leading to a cleaner compost production (reduced in emissions and leaching) and potentially C sequestrant amendments. In our previous research we reported an increase in the stabilization of C during the composting of beef manure and wheat straw mixtures and the potential sequestration of C once end-products were applied to grassland soil by the effect of halloysite (nanoclay) and oat-based biochar applied as additives. Therefore, and taking into account the positive effect related to the utilization of these additives in the composting mixture, to know how the composting process of pig manure-slurry (which is highly in heavy metal contents and GHG and odors emissions) and corn stubble can be affected by the utilization of these additives (e.g., biochar and halloysite nanoclay) in the stability of the final product has not been studied yet and result as an interesting topic of research. Moreover, the influence of additives in GHG emissions, odors, C stabilization, metal availability and the main physico chemical and biological properties during the process of composting of these organic material mixtures is also not known. Furthermore, to understand how the incorporation of this additives can also contribute in the accumulation of C and potential C sequestration once end-products are applied to metal polluted soils, and how the produced amendments affects the metal availability in soil also needs to be elucidate. Hence, this proposal suggests as main objectives 1.- To study the influence of oat based-biochar and halloysite nanoclay as additives in the composting of pig manure-slurry/corn stubble and 2.- To evaluate the effects of the end-products from composting process in the restoration of metal polluted soils from mining and agricultural industries. In a first stage, a composting study using agricultural waste co-composted with biochar and nanoclays will be conducted wherein C stabilization and gas emissions will be analyzed. Then, in order to determine the decomposition and the environmental impacts of compost in soils such as nutrient leaching and gas emissions, the produced compost will be mixed with soil and incubated. Finally, with the aim to analyze the impacts of compost in metal availability in heavy metal polluted soil, a mesocosm experiment under greenhouse conditions, and field trials will be conducted. For a better understanding of C stabilization, GHG emission, heavy metal availability and the potential mechanisms associated to the process, analytical techniques such as stable C isotope ratios (δ13C), CPMAS13CNMR spectroscopy and ICP-OES spectroscopy will be used in collaboration with the Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Spain (IRNAS-CSIC) and ICA-CSIC Madrid. It expects that the use of described additives will improve the composting of pig manure-slurry mixture producing amendments able to be efficiently used in the remediation of contaminated soils by increasing the preservation of C and reducing the availability of heavy metals minimizing its environmental impacts and losses

Este proyecto busca conectar al ecosistema de la ciencia y tecnología con las fortalezas y necesidades de la sociedad enmarcado en el territorio de la Macrozona Centro Sur, que abarca las regiones del Libertador Bernando O’Higgins, del Maule, de Ñuble y del BioBío. Se han analizado siete dimensiones relevantes para el desarrollo de la Ciencia como son la infraestructura, el equipamiento disponible, el capital humano, la investigación, la innovación y emprendimiento, los laboratorios naturales y el sector productivo. Desde este análisis han emergido las áreas OECD de la Agricultura, la Ingeniería, la Educación y la Salud con potenciales de crecimiento y mayor impacto en sus habitantes. Los objetivos específicos son: 1) Implementar un modelo de gobernanza de acuerdo a los desafíos y oportunidades identificadas y que permita mejorar la competitividad de Universidades, Centros de Investigación, y otras organizaciones representativas del ámbito público y privado; 2) Fortalecer competencias en innovación abierta, complejidad de innovación y ciencia abierta en el ecosistema de ciencia y tecnología, para analizar desafíos y oportunidades de la macrozona en un lenguaje común; 3) Implementar métodos y mejores prácticas de Ciencia abierta para su aplicación en el ecosistema de ciencia y tecnología de la macrozona en el desarrollo de hipótesis robustas y conectados con sus capacidades y ventajas territoriales. Para realizar esta tarea se creará un comité de coordinación de la macrozona con la participación de la SEREMI de CTCI que convocará a académicos de disciplinas múltiples en concordancia con mesas temáticas transversales y específicas, en conjunto con el sector público y privado, grupo que denominaremos el ecosistema de ciencia y tecnología bajo el paradigma de ciencia abierta (eCTCI-CA), para co-crear un modelo de Ciencia abierta aplicado a la discusión de iniciativas las temáticas específicas propuestas: 1) Creación de modelos asociativos para el capital creativo, 2) Estructuras de convergencias de servicios territoriales, 3) Incorporación de nuevos modelos educativos, 4) Implementación de datos abiertos para el desarrollo de hipótesis, 5) Desarrollo de agricultura de nueva generación, 6) Inclusión de ruralidad sustentable, 7) Adaptación al cambio climático, 8) Desarrollo de Bioeconomía sostenible, 9) Implementado manufactura avanzada y nanomateriales, 9) Prevención y resiliencia del desastre, 10) Conectando investigación básica con la clínica aplicada a la salud pública. Durante la ejecución del proyecto por 2 años el eCTCI-CA será guiado en actividades de creación de confianza y de competencias en el desarrollo de proyectos utilizando metodologías de ciencia abierta, innovación abierta y ágiles. Colaborando en equipos multidisciplinarios con actores claves del sector público y privado para fortalecer la vinculación de las preguntas de investigación con el territorio y la sociedad componente. El impacto esperado de este proyecto es fortalecer la vinculación de las preguntas científicas con su territorio y sociedad, generar hipótesis y conocimiento desde equipos multidisciplinarios y colaborativos, y de manera recíproca conectar las políticas públicas con los requerimientos de eCTCI-CA bajo un paradigma de Ciencia Abierta. Para mantener la sustentabilidad en el tiempo de la iniciativa se propone la creación de una gobernanza con responsabilidades y liderazgo compartidos entre los asociados al proyecto y la creación de un modelo de transferencia de conocimiento al sistema público y privado.

Aún lejos de tener una vacuna efectiva y segura, los gobiernos nacionales han tenido que establecer medidas sanitarias (e.g. cuarentena) para reducir el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, no existe claridad respecto a cuáles medidas son las más eficaces y cómo la efectividad de éstas es afectada por diferentes contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos. El objetivo de esta propuesta es desarrollar un estudio observacional para evaluar el impacto de las diferentes medidas de control aplicadas por la autoridad sanitaria sobre la dinámica de COVID-19, a nivel comunal y de áreas metropolitanas, utilizando la información generada por el Ministerio de Salud. Los datos serán analizados utilizando modelos de regresión para datos de conteo, lo que permitirá evaluar potenciales desfases en el tiempo de los efectos de las medidas de control, junto con considerar el efecto de variables potencialmente confundentes. Al finalizar este estudio, la autoridad sanitaria dispondrá de evidencia científica para sustentar el establecimiento de diferentes medidas de control para COVID-19, dependiendo de contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos, permitiendo enfatizar aquellas medidas más adecuadas para cada caso. Los modelos quedarán disponibles en una aplicación web donde podrán ser interrogados por las autoridades sanitarias.

Aún lejos de tener una vacuna efectiva y segura, los gobiernos nacionales han tenido que establecer medidas sanitarias (e.g. cuarentena) para reducir el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Sin embargo, no existe claridad respecto a cuáles medidas son las más eficaces y cómo la efectividad de éstas es afectada por diferentes contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos. El objetivo de esta propuesta es desarrollar un estudio observacional para evaluar el impacto de las diferentes medidas de control aplicadas por la autoridad sanitaria sobre la dinámica de COVID-19, a nivel comunal y de áreas metropolitanas, utilizando la información generada por el Ministerio de Salud. Los datos serán analizados utilizando modelos de regresión para datos de conteo, lo que permitirá evaluar potenciales desfases en el tiempo de los efectos de las medidas de control, junto con considerar el efecto de variables potencialmente confundentes. Al finalizar este estudio, la autoridad sanitaria dispondrá de evidencia científica para sustentar el establecimiento de diferentes medidas de control para COVID-19, dependiendo de contextos sociales, demográficos y epidemiológicos, permitiendo enfatizar aquellas medidas más adecuadas para cada caso. Los modelos quedarán disponibles en una aplicación web donde podrán ser interrogados por las autoridades sanitarias.