Attention is a cognitive process which allows the allocation of cognitive resources to different aspects of the sensory input received by the organism. Of particular interest has been the relation between attention and learning. More specifically, it is commonly assumed, as shown by the evidence, that attention is sensitive to the informational value of the events, that is, the information that some events provide regarding other more relevant stimuli. Several learning theories have proposed specific mechanisms to account for this relation between learning and attention. The Mackintosh model, for instance suggested that the organism provides attention to the events about which it is supposed to learn, when said events are predictive of subsequent, more relevant outcomes. Attention also in turn affects the ability of subjects to learn about specific events that they have already experienced, as shown by the “learned predictiveness” effect. The results typically show that new associations are learned faster by the participants when they include predictive cues compared to non-predictive or neutral events.
A recent research line has shown that the informational value is not the only factor affecting the interaction between attention and learning, but that the motivational value of the stimuli also modulates it. A growing corpus of evidence on the so-called “reward learning” or “learned value” has evidenced that attention can be captured by stimuli associated with reward, even when the resulting learning is irrelevant or even counterproductive to the cognitive task. The evidence for this effect comes mainly from tasks involving monetary reward, in which a specific stimulus (e.g., a red triangle) must be located on a screen by the participants among a set of distractors. Success in locating the target stimulus across trials includes a small monetary reward. The evidence has shown that such a task results in faster learning for the target stimuli, indicating higher attention to the target cue; it also results in disruption of alternative tasks when the target stimulus is presented. Value-driven attentional capture also occurs with stimuli of different value, such as aversive cues instead of rewarding ones, showing that the effect appears to be one of general motivational value instead of one based solely on reward.
The present project has three aims. The first one is to investigate whether there is any symmetry in the associative mechanisms behind value-driven attentional capture and other learning processes; the second is to examine perceptual conditions and behavioral manipulations that may affect attentional capture. The third objective is to examine the effects of value-modulated attentional capture on behavioral tasks designed to assess the relation between attention and goal-directed behavior. The first objective has been examined to some extent: some factors such as size of reward, and valence of the outcome have been tested, but several questions remain to be examined, such as the manner in which the motivational and informational value of the outcome interact, as well as the effect of extinction or outcome devaluation. Research line 1 will explore whether there are analogues to the “predictiveness” effects in value-driven attentional capture; research line 2 will examine whether attentional capture is sensitive to interference treatments such as extinction, counter-conditioning and context change; finally, research line will explore the possibility of operant behavior being affected by value-modulated attentional capture.
The present project will implement on a computer a behavioral task similar to the one described above. Participants will have to visually locate a target stimulus between several distractors, and will be rewarded after successful attempts. The validity of the task will be further included by assessing its effects in both appetitive and aversive learning. The effect of attentional capture on operant behavior will be assessed by asking the participants to perform a reward-seeking task in presence of distractors of different valence. The amount of reward received, latency of responding in front of both target and distractor stimuli, and also ocular movements will be registered as measures of learning and attention, respectively.